What Are Cold Sores?
Cold sores, often found around the mouth, are commonly caused by the herpes simplex virus. While many individuals carry the virus without regular cold sore outbreaks, it is noteworthy that pregnant women, who may have been unaffected for an extended period, commonly experience a resurgence of cold sores during pregnancy. The herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a highly prevalent virus transmitted through direct contact with the skin, saliva, or genitals of an infected individual. Since there is no cure for HSV, once the virus enters the body, it remains present throughout its lifetime.
What Are the Symptoms of HSV?
HSV may not always manifest symptoms, allowing it to be carried unknowingly.
There are two primary types of HSV:
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HSV-1 (Type 1): Typically responsible for cold sores on the face and lips and occasionally on the genitals. Approximately four out of five Australian adults carry this type.
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HSV-2 (Type 2): Mainly causes genital herpes, resulting in sores around the genitals or anus. It usually spreads through sexual contact, and approximately one in eight sexually active Australians has genital herpes.
What Are the Causes of Cold Sores During Pregnancy?
Cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), with HSV-1 being the usual culprit for cold sores around the mouth. Genital herpes, on the other hand, is typically caused by HSV-2. Occasionally, HSV-1 sores may appear in the genital area and vice versa.
Once someone has a cold sore, the virus stays in the system for life, but it remains inactive unless the patient is experiencing a current outbreak. Stress and hormonal changes can trigger the virus to become active again, but it is crucial to understand that stress and hormones do not cause the initial virus infection.
If someone has never had HSV, they can only get it through direct contact with someone who has it. First-time infections, especially with cold sores, can occur through activities like kissing, sharing food or utensils, using someone else's ChapStick or lip gloss, and engaging in oral sex.
What Are the Effects of Cold Sores on Developing Babies?
If the virus responsible for cold sores is already present, and an oral herpes outbreak occurs during pregnancy, it is unlikely to impact the developing baby. Cold sores typically manifest as a localized infection around the mouth and generally do not cross the placenta to reach the baby.
The most significant risk arises when a person contracts the herpes simplex virus (HSV) for the first time during the third trimester of pregnancy. The body has not developed protective antibodies against the virus at this stage. While HSV-1 is commonly associated with oral herpes, it can also lead to a genital herpes outbreak, potentially posing a risk to the baby, particularly during passage through the birth canal.
Birth-acquired herpes is a serious concern, primarily linked to genital rather than oral herpes. However, since the same virus can cause both types of outbreaks, it is essential to discuss any occurrences of cold sores during pregnancy with the obstetrician.
How Are Cold Sores Managed During Pregnancy or Breastfeeding?
Aciclovir cream, an over-the-counter antiviral cream available at pharmacies, is a common treatment for cold sores. Application is directly on the affected area, and it is advisable to seek guidance from the pharmacist regarding proper use. In cases where symptoms are painful, a doctor may prescribe Aciclovir or Valaciclovir tablets. These antiviral medications are generally considered safe for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. However, Famciclovir tablets are not recommended for use during pregnancy. It is essential to consult with the doctor before taking any medication while pregnant.
How to Protect a Baby From Herpes?
A newborn can contract HSV through contact with cold sores, a touch, or during vaginal birth if the mother has a genital sore at that time. While the risk of transmitting genital herpes to a baby during pregnancy is generally low, some babies born to carriers of the virus may face serious issues like eye and throat infections, nerve damage, and, rarely, death. Discussing the specific situation with a doctor or midwife for the best advice is important.
If a partner or anyone near the baby has a cold sore or genital herpes, consulting a doctor on the optimal management during pregnancy and after birth is necessary to minimize the risk of transmission to the baby.
Maintaining rigorous hygiene practices is crucial when caring for a newborn. Suppose anyone close to the baby has cold sores. In that case, preventive measures should be taken, such as covering cold sores when near the baby, refraining from kissing the baby until the sores are fully healed, avoiding direct contact with the cold sores, thoroughly washing hands before touching the baby, and requesting relatives with cold sores to refrain from touching or kissing the baby.
What if a Mother Has a Cold Sore While Breastfeeding?
If cold sores are present while breastfeeding, breastfeeding is safe if the sores are not on the breast or nipple. In the case of sores in these areas, breastfeeding from the affected breast should be temporarily stopped until the sores have cleared up. Expressing and disposing of breastmilk from the affected breast is advised to prevent contamination from contact with the skin lesions. Consulting with a doctor or midwife is crucial upon noticing a cold sore on the breast or nipple.
What Happens if a Baby Gets a Cold Sore?
If one suspects the baby is developing a cold sore, it is essential to consult the doctor or midwife promptly. Signs of HSV infection include:
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Blisters on the skin.
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Fever.
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Tiredness.
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Poor feeding.
While these signs may also indicate various other health conditions, it is crucial not to wait and see if the symptoms improve. Seeking medical assistance is important. Inform the medical staff about any previous diagnosis of HSV and the presence of a cold sore or genital herpes.
Conclusion
In conclusion, understanding cold sores, their causes, and their effects is crucial for managing them during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The risk of transmitting HSV to a baby is generally low, but potential complications emphasize the importance of timely medical consultation. Effective management involves proper hygiene practices, medication consultation with healthcare professionals, and temporary adjustments in breastfeeding if cold sores are present. Awareness and proactive measures are essential for minimizing risks and ensuring the well-being of both mothers and babies in the face of HSV and cold sore concerns.
