Introduction:
The calcaneocuboid joint is an essential articulation in the foot that plays a crucial role in foot and ankle biomechanics. This joint is located on the lateral aspect of the midfoot and is formed by the articulation between the calcaneus bone (heel bone) and the cuboid bone (tarsal bones in the foot).
What Is the Anatomy of the Calcaneocuboid Joint?
The calcaneocuboid joint is a synovial joint classified as a plane joint due to the relatively flat surfaces of the articulating bones. The joint is covered by a fibrous capsule lined with a synovial membrane. The joint capsule is reinforced by several ligaments that help provide stability to the joint. The two main ligaments are the long and short plantar ligaments. The long plantar ligament runs from the calcaneus to the cuboid, while the short plantar ligament runs from the calcaneus to the lateral cuneiform bone. These ligaments help hold the calcaneus and cuboid bones together and prevent excessive joint movement.
What Is The Function of the Calcaneocuboid Joint?
The calcaneocuboid joint is important in the foot and is critical in weight-bearing and propulsion during gait. During gait, the foot goes through complex motions involving supination (inversion) and pronation (eversion). The calcaneocuboid joint is responsible for the lateral stability of the foot during these motions. The joint allows the inversion and eversion of the foot, which is important for adapting to uneven surfaces and maintaining balance during walking and running.
What Are the Common Pathologies of the Calcaneocuboid Joint?
The calcaneocuboid joint is affected by several pathologies, including sprains, fractures, and arthritis.
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Calcaneocuboid joint sprains typically occur due to trauma or excessive force on the foot. These injuries cause pain, swelling, and walking becomes difficult.
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Fractures of the calcaneocuboid joint are relatively rare but can occur due to high-impact trauma.
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Arthritis of the calcaneocuboid joint can occur due to wear and tear on the joint over time or as a result of an autoimmune condition such as rheumatoid arthritis (an autoimmune and inflammatory disease).
What Are the Symptoms of Pathologies of the Calcaneocuboid Joint?
Here are some common symptoms of the pathologies that can affect the calcaneocuboid joint:
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Sprains: Symptoms of a sprained calcaneocuboid joint may include pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected foot. There may also be a popping or snapping sound at the time of the injury.
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Fractures: Symptoms of a calcaneocuboid joint fracture may include pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected foot. The foot may also appear deformed, and there may be a cracking or popping sound at the time of the injury.
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Arthritis: Symptoms of calcaneocuboid joint arthritis may include pain, swelling, stiffness, tenderness, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected foot. The joint becomes warm to the touch, and a decreased range of motion may occur.
What Are the Diagnostic Methods Used for Pathologies of the Calcaneocuboid Joint?
The following are common diagnostic methods used for these conditions:
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Patient History: The healthcare professional will ask about the patient's symptoms, such as pain, swelling, difficulty walking, and when they started experiencing these symptoms. They may also ask about any previous injuries or medical conditions that could contribute to the current problem.
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Physical Examination: The healthcare professional will perform a physical examination of the foot and ankle, looking for signs of swelling, tenderness, and deformity. They may also perform a range of motion tests and check for any instability in the joint.
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Imaging Studies: Imaging studies, including X-rays, CT (computed tomography) scans, or MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging), may be done to get a closer look at the bones and related soft tissues in the foot. These tests can help diagnose fractures, sprains, and arthritis.
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Diagnostic Injections: In some cases, the healthcare professional may use a diagnostic injection to help determine the source of the pain. They may inject a local anesthetic or steroid medication into the joint to see if it relieves the pain.
What Are the Treatment Options for Pathologies of the Calcaneocuboid Joint?
The treatment for calcaneocuboid joint pathologies depends on the specific condition and its severity. Here are some common treatment methods:
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Rest and Ice: Resting the affected foot and applying ice helps reduce swelling and pain. The healthcare professional may be advised to use ice packs for 20 to 30 minutes at a time, several times a day.
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Medications: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including Ibuprofen or Naproxen, can be prescribed to help reduce pain and inflammation.
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Physical Therapy: Physical therapy exercises help to improve joint flexibility and strength and reduce pain. A physical therapist may prescribe specific exercises and stretches to target the calcaneocuboid joint.
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Immobilization: In some cases, immobilization with a cast or brace may be necessary to facilitate proper joint healing.
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Surgery: Surgery may be necessary for severe calcaneocuboid joint pathologies, such as fractures or advanced arthritis. The surgery type depends on the specific condition and severity.
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Injection Therapy: Injection therapy can be used to reduce inflammation and pain in the joint. Corticosteroid injections are used to reduce inflammation, while hyaluronic acid injections can be used to lubricate the joint.
What Are the Prevention of Pathologies of the Calcaneocuboid Joint?
The following are the prevention points for calcaneocuboid joint pathologies:
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Wear appropriate footwear which has good support and cushioning.
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Engaging in a warm-up routine before exercise is instrumental in mitigating the potential for foot and ankle injuries. Keep a healthy weight as it reduces stress on the feet.
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Avoid high-impact activities that may increase the risk of foot and ankle injuries.
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Try to follow proper technique when participating in sports or activities involving jumping, running, or quick direction changes.
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It is advisable to steer clear of high heels or footwear with a narrow toe box, as these can exert excessive pressure on the foot.
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Perform regular stretches and exercises to maintain joint flexibility and strength.
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Seek medical attention if experiencing foot or ankle pain or discomfort.
Conclusion:
The calcaneocuboid joint in the foot can be affected by various pathologies such as sprains, fractures, and arthritis. Diagnosis typically involves patient history, physical examination, and imaging studies, and treatment may involve rest, medication, physical therapy, or surgery. While it may not be possible to prevent all pathologies, certain actions such as wearing suitable footwear and maintaining a healthy weight can help decrease the likelihood of developing these conditions.
